According to the Koran, war represents an “unwanted obligation” which has to be absolutely carried out with strict observance of particular humane and moral values and resorted only when it is inevitable.

In a verse, it is explained that those who start wars are the disbelievers and that God does not approve wars:

…Each time they kindle the fire of war, Allah extinguishes it. They rush about the earth corrupting it. Allah does not love corrupters. (Surat al-Ma’ida: 64)

A closer examination of Prophet Muhammad’s life reveals that war is a method resorted for defensive purposes only in unavoidable situations.

The revelation of the Koran to Prophet Muhammad lasted for 23 years. During the first 13 years of this period, Muslims lived as a minority under a pagan rule in Mecca and faced much oppression. Many Muslims were harassed, abused, tortured, and even murdered, their houses and possessions were plundered. Despite this however, Muslims led their lives without resorting to any violence and always called pagans to peace.

When the oppression of pagans escalated unbearably, Muslims emigrated to the town of Yathrib, which was later to be renamed Medina, where they could establish their own order in a more friendly and free environment. Even establishing their own political system did not prompt them to take up weapons against aggressive pagans of Mecca. Only after the following revelation, the Prophet commanded his people to get prepared for war:

Permission to fight is given to those who are fought against because they have been wronged – truly God has the power to come to their support – those who were expelled from their homes without any right, merely for saying, ‘Our Lord is God’… (Surat al-Hajj: 39-40)

In brief, Muslims were allowed to wage war only because they were oppressed and subjected to violence. To put it in another way, God granted permission for war only for defensive purposes. In other verses, Muslims are warned against use of unnecessary provocation or unnecessary violence:

Fight in the Way of God against those who fight you, but do not go beyond the limits. God does not love those who go beyond the limits. (Surat al-Baqara: 190)

After the revelations of these verses, wars occurred between Muslims and pagan Arabs. In none of these wars, however, were the Muslims the inciting party. Furthermore, Prophet Muhammad established a secure and peaceful social environment for Muslims and pagans alike by signing a peace agreement (Hudaybiya) which conceded to the pagans most of their requests. The party who violated the terms of the agreement and started a new war was again the pagans. However, with rapid conversions into Islam, the Islamic armies attained great power against the pagan Arabs and Prophet Muhammad conquered Mecca without bloodshed and in a spirit of tolerance. If he willed, he could have taken revenge on pagan leaders in the city. Yet, he did not do harm to any one of them, forgave them and treated them with the utmost tolerance. Pagans, who would later convert to Islam by their own will, could not help admiring such noble character of the Prophet.

The Islamic principles God proclaims in the Koran account for this peaceful and temperate policy of Prophet Muhammad. In the Koran, God commands believers to treat even the non-Muslims kindly and justly:

…God does not forbid you from being good to those who have not fought you over religion or driven you from your homes, or from being just towards them. God loves those who are just. God merely forbids you from taking as friends those who have fought you over religion and driven you from your homes and who supported your expulsion… (Surat al-Mumtahana: 8-9)

The verses above specify the outlook of a Muslim on non-Muslims: A Muslim should treat all non-Muslims kindly and avoid making friends only with those who show enmity to Islam. In case this enmity causes violent attacks against the existence of Muslims, that is, in case they wage a war against them, then Muslims should respond them justly by considering the humane dimensions of the situation. All forms of barbarism, unnecessary acts of violence and unjust aggression are forbidden by Islam. In another verse, God warns Muslims against this and explains that rage felt for enemies should not cause them to drift them into injustice:

You who believe! Show integrity for the sake of God, bearing witness with justice. Do not let hatred for a people incite you into not being just. Be just. That is closer to heedfulness. Heed God (alone). God is aware of what you do. (Surat al-Ma’ida:

The Meaning of the Concept of “Jihad”

Another concept that deserves clarification due to the content of this article is the concept of “jihad”.

The exact meaning of “Jihad” is “effort”. That is, in Islam, “to carry out jihad” is “to show efforts, to struggle”. Prophet Muhammad explained that “the greatest jihad is the one a person carries out against his lower soul”. What is meant by “lower soul” here is the selfish desires and ambitions. A struggle given on intellectual grounds against anti-religious, atheist views is also a form of jihad in its complete sense.

Apart from these ideological and spiritual meanings, struggle in the physical sense is also considered as “jihad”. However, as explained above, this has to be a struggle carried out solely for defensive purposes. The use of the concept of “jihad” for acts of aggression against innocent people, that is for terror, would be unjust and a great distortion.

Compassion, Tolerance and Pacifism in Islam

To state briefly, the Islamic political doctrine is extremely peaceful and moderate. This fact is also confirmed by many non-Muslim historians and theologians. One of these is the British historian, Karen Armstrong, a former nun and a renowned expert on Middle East history. In her book, Holy War, in which she examines the history of the three great divine religions, she comments:

… The word Islam comes from the same Arabic root as the word peace and the Koran condemns war as an abnormal state of affairs opposed to God’s will: “When the enemies of the Muslims kindle a fire for war, Allah extinguishes it. They strive to create disorder in earth, and Allah loves not those who create disorder.” (Koran 28:78). Islam does not justify a total aggressive war or extermination, as the Torah does in the first five books of the Bible. A more realistic religion than Christianity, Islam recognizes that war is inevitable and sometimes a positive duty in order to and oppressions and suffering. The Koran teaches that war must be limited and be conducted in as humane a way of possible. Mohammed had to fight not only the Meccans but also the Jewish tribes in the area and Christian tribes in Syria who planned on offensive against him in alliance with the Jews. Yet this did not make Mohammed denounce the People of the Book. His Muslims were forced to defend themselves but they were not fighting a holy war against the religion of their enemies. When Mohammed sent his freedman Zaid against the Christians at the head of a Muslim army, he told them to fight in the cause of God bravely but humanely. They must not molest priests, monks and nuns nor the weak and helpless people who were unable to fight. There must be no massacre of civilians nor should they cut down a single tree nor pull down any building. This was very different from the wars of Joshua. [1]

Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, Muslims continued to treat the members of other religions with tolerance and respect. Islamic states became the secure and free home of both Jews and Christians. After the conquest of Jerusalem, Caliph Omar calmed the Christians who were in fear of a massacre and explained to them that they were secure. Furthermore, he visited their churches and declared that they could continue to practise their worship freely.

In 1099, 4 centuries after the conquest of Jerusalem by Muslims, Crusaders invaded Jerusalem and put all Muslims inhabitants to the sword. Again, contrary to the fears of Christians, Saladin, the Muslim general who captured Jerusalem and saved the city from invasion in 1187, did not touch even a single civilian and did not allow a single soldier to plunder. Moreover, he allowed the invading Christians to take all their possessions and leave the city in security.

A portrait of the tolerance against Christians in the Islamic lands.

The periods of Seljuk Turks and the Ottoman Empire were also marked by the tolerance and justice of Islam. As is known, Jews who were expelled from Catholic Spain found the peace they sought on the lands of Ottoman Empire, where they took refuge in 1492. Sultan Mehmed, the conqueror of Istanbul, also allowed Jews and Christians religious freedom. Regarding the tolerant and just practises of Muslims, historian A. Miquel states the following:

The Christians were ruled by a very well administered state which was something that did not exist in the Byzantium or Latin sovereignty. They were never subjected to a systematized oppression. On the contrary, the Empire, and foremost Istanbul, became a refuge for the much tortured Spanish Jews. They were never forced to accept Islam. [2]

John L. Esposito, a professor of Religion and International Politics at the Georgetown University, makes a similar comment:

For many non-Muslim populations in Byzantine and Persian territories already subjugated to foreign rulers, Islamic rule meant an exchange of rulers, the new ones often more flexible and tolerant, rather than a loss of independence. Many of these populations now enjoyed greater local autonomy and often paid lower taxes… Religiously, Islam proved a more tolerant religion, providing greater religious freedom for Jews and indigenous Christians. [3]

As is clarified in these words, history never witnessed Muslims as “makers of mischief”. On the contrary, they brought security and peace to the people from all nations and beliefs inhabiting the large territory over which they reigned. (For further reference, see Justice and Tolerance in the Koran, by Harun Yahya, 2000)

In brief, compassion, peace and tolerance constitute the very basis of the values of the Koran and Islam aims to wipe mischief out of the earth. The commands of the Koran and the ways Muslims practised them throughout history are so clear as to leave no room for dispute.

Under the pen name of Harun Yahya, Adnan Oktar has written some 250 works. His books contain a total of 46,000 pages and 31,500 illustrations. Of these books, 7,000 pages and 6,000 illustrations deal with the collapse of the Theory of Evolution. You can read, free of charge, all the books Adnan Oktar has written under the pen name Harun Yahya on these websites www.harunyahya.com

Notes

1- Karen Armstrong, Holy War, MacMillian London Limited, 1988, p. 25

2- Feridun Emecen, Kemal Beydilli, Mehmet Ýpþirli, Mehmet Akif Aydýn, Ýlber Ortaylý, Abdülkadir Özcan, Bahaeddin Yediyýldýz, Mübahat Kütükoðlu, Osmanlý Devleti Medeniyeti Tarihi, (The History of the Ottoman State), Istanbul: 1994, Ýslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araþtýrma Merkezi, p. 467

3- John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality, Oxford University Press, New York, 1992, p. 39

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1) Lawyers in Defence services – deals with all legal matters concerning the state and is authorised to conduct courts of enquiry and court martials of offending service personnel.
2) Political advisors – Ministers have various legal experts on their pay rolls who advise them from time to time on legal issues concerning various political matters
3) Lawyers with the government – inducted into the Government ministries through a UPSC interview. The minimum qualification is a Master’s degree in law with five years’ experience. Examples include: Indian Legal Service (Law officers and Legal Advisors) & State Legal Service (state police, judiciary and revenue departments)

(A) Personality Traits
1.) Highly intellectual
2.) Ability to assimilate & analyse data
3.) Unbiased approach
4.) Excellent communication & presentation skills
5.) Ability to persuade, convince & argue
6.) Self Confident
7.) Mental & Physical stamina
8.) Inclined towards reference work

(B) Job Prospects
Lawyers begin work either as appreciates with leading lawyers or with law firms. Many go on to set up an independent practice. Some leading law firms include Amarchand MangalDass, AZB, DSK Legal, Pathak & Associates, Dua & Dua, Fox & Mundal, Kochar & Kochar, Khaitan & Khaitan, Luthra & Luthra, Jyoti Sagar and Anand & Anand. These firms have a national presence with specialsied departments in varied fields of law.

(C) Salaries
Starting salaries in a solicitor firm range from Rs 1.2 – 1.5 lacs per annum but grow very rapidly. A Senior Advocate or Partner in a firm would earn between Rs 10 lacs to – Rs 18 lacs per annum on an average. Independent practice starts at Rs 1.2 – Rs 1.5 lacs per annum. An independent lawyer doing well could earn between Rs 10 lacs to Rs 15 lacs per annum.
If one makes it big as a well-known or celebrity lawyer, of course, the sky is the limit.

(D) Study Routes
After XII (any subject), pursue BA LLB, a 5-year course in Law.
After graduation (any subject) – LLB is a 3-year course for graduates. Most universities and their affiliated colleges in India conduct the LLB course.
After LLB – After a 5 year law course (BA LLB) or a 3-year (LLB) course, there are opportunities for further studies in areas related to law. These studies could be full time post graduation (LLM) of 2 years duration, or diploma courses of 1-year duration. Studying abroad could also be a possibility. Under-graduation or LLB can only be done in the UK, as that is the only place where if you study Law you can practice in India. Masters in Law can be done in the US or UK.

Leading institutions that offer courses in law are:
1.) National Law School of India University, Nagarbhavi, Bangalore – 560 072.
2.) NALSAR University of Law, 3-4-761, Barkatpura, Hyderabad – 500027
3.) National University of Juridical Sciences, NUJS Bhawan, 12 LB Block, Salt Lake, Kolkata
4.) National Law University, NH-65, Nagaur Road, Mandore, Jodhpur, Rajasthan- 342 004
5.) Symbiosis Society’s Law College, Senapati Bapat Road, Pune, Maharashtra – 411 004
6.) NLIU Bhopal, VYAPAM “Chayan Bhawan” Main Road No.-1, Chinar Park (East) Bhopal-11
7.) Pondicherry University 5 YR BA LLB (HONS) CENTAC, Pondicherry Engineering College Campus, Pondicherry 605014.
8.) The Tamil Nadu Dr.Ambedkar Law University, “Poompozhil”, 5, Greenways Road, Chennai – 600 028.
9.) Hidayatullah National Law University, Civil Lines, Raipur – 492001 (C.G.).
10.) Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006.
11.) Army institute of Law, Sector – 68, Mohali – 160062, Punjab
12.) Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Bharati Vidyapeeth Bhavan, Lal Bhadur Shastri Marg, Pune 411 030
13.) Faculty of Law, Delhi University, University Road, Delhi 110007
14.) Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221 005
15.)Gujarat National Law University , Gandhinagar, Old NIFT Building,E-4 GIDC, Electronic Zone, Gandhinagar – 382 028, Gujarat
16.) Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002
17.) Hidayatullah National Law University, HNLU Bhawan, Civil Lines, 492001 Raipur

Other Colleges include:
1.) Aligarh Muslim University, Law Faculty, Aligarh 202002.
2.) Amity Law School (Amity Campus Saket) E-27, Defence Colony, New Delhi 24
3.) NBM College of Law, Vishakapatnam 530002
4.) Osmania University, Law College Hyderabad 500007
5.) Bangalore University, Law College, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore 560056
6.) Mangalore University Manglagangotri 574199, Karnataka
7.) University of Mysore, Law College, Crawford Hall, Mysore 570005
8.) Law College, University of Madras, Centenary Buildings,Chepauk, Chennai 600005
9.) Bharti Vidyapeeth Law College, LB Shastri Marg Pune 411030
10.) B R Ambedkar University, College of Law Aurangabad 431001
11.) University of Mumbai Law Faculty, Fort, Mumbai 400032
12.) University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007
13.) University of Punjab, Chandigarh
14.) Law Faculty, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007
15.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004
16.) University of Mumbai Law Faculty, Fort, Mumbai 400032
17.) Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009
18.) MS University of Baroda, Vadodara 399002
19.) Nagpur University, Nagpur 440001
20.) University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007
21.) Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431 004
22.) Utkal University, Vani Nagar, Bhubaneshwar 751004

Colleges Overseas

Colleges in USA
1.) Yale University, school of law
2.) Harvard university, school of law
3.) Stanford university, school of law
4.) Columbia university, school of law
5.) New York University, school of law
6.) University of Chicago, school of law
Note: To practice law in India you can only do your Masters in the USA. Under-Graduation would need do be done in India / UK.

UK
1.) Cambridge University
2.) Oxford
3.) London School of Economics
4.) University College, London
5.) Nottingham University
6.) Warwick university
7.) Kings College, London
8.) Manchester University

Australia
1.) Australian College of Law
2.) James Cook University
3.) University of Canberra
4.) University of Melbourne
5.) Sydney University Law School.
6.) University of Tasmania.

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